Female Sterilization
vs
Spermicide

A side-by-side comparison of two birth control methods — efficacy, cost, how they work, and who shouldn't use them.

Side-by-side comparison

Method
Female Sterilization

Female Sterilization

A permanent surgical procedure that blocks or removes the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy.
Spermicide

Spermicide

A chemical gel, foam, or film inserted into the vagina before sex to disable sperm, available over the counter.
Efficacy99.5% typical use

Most effective: over 99 out of 100 people successfully prevent pregnancy per year.

79% typical use

Least effective: under 90 out of 100 people successfully prevent pregnancy per year.

Cost$0–$6,000

Insurance: Usually

$1–$3 /per unit

Insurance: Varies

DurationPermanentSingle use (effective for 1 hour; duration varies by formulation, check product label)
ReversibilityPermanentReversible
STI ProtectionNoNo
How it works

Surgical disruption (clipping, banding, cauterization, or complete removal) of the fallopian tubes prevents eggs from reaching the uterus and sperm from reaching the egg.

A chemical (usually nonoxynol-9) immobilizes or kills sperm on contact. Inserted into the vagina before sex.

PrescriptionRequired Prescription requiredOTC Over-the-counter
Available Products2 products2 products
Side effects
  • Surgical risks (bleeding, infection, organ damage)
  • Anesthesia side effects
  • Ectopic pregnancy (small but serious risk if failure occurs)
  • Vaginal or penile irritation
  • Increased risk of UTI
  • Allergic reaction (rare)
Who shouldn't use this
  • Medical instability for general anesthesia or laparoscopy
  • Uncertainty about future fertility desires
  • Sensitivity to nonoxynol-9
  • Active vaginal irritation or infection
  • High risk of HIV exposure (frequent use may increase transmission risk)